CARTOGRAPHY AS PERCEPTION OF VENETIAN DOMINION OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY

Le “Scritture”, gli “Arricordi”, le “Memorie”, sempre corredati da mappe,sul territorio, sulle bonifiche, sugli argini, sulla laguna, sul controllo dei corsi dei fiumi e dei canali, costituiscono una memoria operativa dalla quale non si può prescindere per la comprensione e la percezione del Dominio della Serenissima sui territori dello “Stato da Terra” nel secolo XVI. Il monitoraggio cartografico del territorio nel Cinquecento è da ricondurre al tema più ampio della organizzazione idrografica dei possedimenti di terraferma. Dibattito che vede coinvolti Proti e Ingegneri (Alvise Cornaro e Cristoforo Sabbadino tra gli altri) e che si snoda tra il 1501 (istituzione della Magistratura dei Savi alle Acque) e il 1599 (taglio del Po a Porto Viro). Nascono in questo momento valenti generazioni di cartografi al servizio della Dominante alle cui mappe avrebbero attinto, apportando le opportune modifiche, i loro successori fino alla fine del Settecento.The “Arricordi” are written memories providing accurate and refined descriptions of specific features of Venetian territories, such as embankements, reclaimed lands, rivers, and shipways. These documents, often accompanied by detailed maps, offer fundamental insight into the geo-political aspects of Venetian dominions of the Sixteenth Century. The spreading of cartographic works arose form the need for an idrographic organization of the inland

Social media content for business and user engagement on Facebook

Facebook is regularly used by businesses to present themselves to users and communicate with them. most users act passivily by simply reading and viewing a company's official homepage. Few followers adopt a more active role, such as commenting and interacting with each other and with the company, fewer still are reactive and proactive, becoming co-creators of content. This study examines the type of content entered by businesses to stimulate user engagement, and how participation and activism is stimulated, through the creation of appropriate indexes. The results obtained uncover previously overlooked aspects of conversation and content setting, to encourage user engagement

O estudo do estresse mecânico nas sociedades atuais e passadas

The inference of activities in past societies is one of the great challenges of bioarchaeology. Since the beginning of the 20th century, interpretations of mechanical stress have been based on bone morphological traits. However, despite theoretical and methodological advances in their approach, their inferences have not been free of criticism. This paper aims to review the theoretical and methodological approaches to infer past activities from general bone morphology and entheseal changes in particular. This review is focused on medical and biological contributions to bioarchaeological studies, the changes in the approach to the subject, their criticisms and solutions.La inferencia de actividades en sociedades pasadas es uno de los grandes desafíos de la bioarqueología. Desde comienzos del siglo XX se han realizado interpretaciones sobre el estrés mecánico a partir de rasgos morfológicos óseos. No obstante, y a pesar de los avances teóricos y metodológicos en su acercamiento, sus inferencias no han estado exentas de críticas. El objetivo de este trabajo es hacer una revisión de los acercamientos teóricos y metodológicos para inferir actividades en el pasado a partir de la morfología ósea en general y de los cambios entésicos en particular. Se revisan los aportes de la medicina y la biología a los estudios bioarqueológicos, los cambios en la forma de aproximarse a la temática, sus críticas y soluciones.A inferência das atividades nas sociedades do passado é um dos grandes desafios da bioarqueologia. Desde o início do século 20, as interpretações do estresse mecânico têm sido feitas com base em características morfológicas ósseas. No entanto, apesar dos avanços teóricos e metodológicos em sua abordagem, suas inferências não têm estado livres de críticas. O objetivo deste trabalho é rever as abordagens teóricas e metodológicas para inferir atividades passadas a partir da morfologia óssea em geral e de alterações das enteses em particular. As contribuições da medicina e da biologia para os estudos bioarqueológicos, as mudanças na abordagem do assunto, suas críticas e soluções são revistas

The Role of Metformin in the Management of NAFLD

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disorder worldwide. Its prevalence ranges 10–24% in the general population, reaching 60–95% and 28–55% in obese and diabetic patients, respectively. Although the etiology of NAFLD is still unclear, several lines of evidences have indicated a pathogenetic role of insulin resistance in this disorder. This concept has stimulated several clinical studies where antidiabetic drugs, such as insulin sensitizers including metformin, have been evaluated in insulin-resistant, NAFLD patients. These studies indicate that metformin might be of benefit in the treatment of NAFLD, also in nondiabetic patients, when associated to hypocaloric diet and weight control. However, the heterogeneity of these studies still prevents us from reaching firm conclusions about treatment guidelines. Moreover, metformin could have beneficial tissue-specific effects in NAFLD patients irrespective of its effects as insulin sensitizer

Biological Notes and Distribution in Southern Europe of Aclees taiwanensis Kono, 1933 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): A New Pest of the Fig Tree

Ficus carica L. is one of the earliest cultivated fruit trees, and figs are a typical fruit of the Mediterranean diet and traditional medicine as well. In recent years, a new pest, the black weevil Aclees taiwanensis Kono, 1933 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) native to Asia, has been recorded in France and Italy. Aclees taiwanensis causes the rapid death of the fig tree by its larvae that dig alimentation galleries in the trunk and surface roots, compromising the phloem flux. In Italy, from 2005, the year of the first detection of A. taiwanensis, the fig production has nearly halved, decreasing from 20.09 t to 10.65 t. To date, no specific EU regulation has been applied to prevent the A. taiwanensis spread, and we can reasonably expect a rapid diffusion of this pest all over the Mediterranean area. To avoid the loss of the Mediterranean fig orchards, effective strategies to detect and control the black weevil are required. Such strategies need a detailed knowledge of A. taiwanensis distribution, biology, and physiology. This paper updates the known distribution of this species in Southern Europe, using a citizen science approach, and describes, under laboratory and field conditions, its main biological traits

Classical and Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Diagnosis

Classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-BSE) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease of cattle, detected in the United Kingdom and many other countries since the 1980s. The origin of C-BSE is uncertain, but epidemiological studies suggest that the source of this disease was cattle feed prepared from prion-infected animal tissues. To date, cattle populations have been monitored through passive and active surveillance programs. From 2004, two different forms of BSE termed as L-BSE, also known as bovine amyloidotic spongiform encephalopathy (BASE), and H-BSE have been discovered in Italy and France. All these atypical cases have been detected in animals over 8 years of age. To date, there is no comprehensive information about the origin of the atypical BSEs (sporadic vs. acquired). Moreover, there are only very limited data available, concerning the pathogenesis of both atypical forms, as compared to C-BSE. This chapter provides a well-organized overview of what is known about classical and atypical BSE. It will review information on the main epidemiological features, pathogenesis, and the criteria for the routine diagnosis based on rapid tests, histological, immunohistochemical, and Western blot examinations

Autosomal Dominant Tubulointerstitial Kidney Disease with Adult Onset due to a Novel Renin Mutation Mapping in the Mature Protein

Autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease (ADTKD) is a genetically heterogeneous renal disorder leading to progressive loss of renal function. ADTKD-REN is due to rare mutations in renin, all localized in the protein leader peptide and affecting its co-translational insertion in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Through exome sequencing in an adult-onset ADTKD family we identified a new renin variant, p.L381P, mapping in the mature protein. To assess its pathogenicity, we combined genetic data, computational and predictive analysis and functional studies. The L381P substitution affects an evolutionary conserved residue, co-segregates with renal disease, is not found in population databases and is predicted to be deleterious by in silico tools and by structural modelling. Expression of the L381P variant leads to its ER retention and induction of the Unfolded Protein Response in cell models and to defective pronephros development in zebrafish. Our work shows that REN mutations outside of renin leader peptide can cause ADTKD and delineates an adult form of ADTKD-REN, a condition which has usually its onset in childhood. This has implications for the molecular diagnosis and the estimated prevalence of the disease and points at ER homeostasis as a common pathway affected in ADTKD-REN, and possibly more generally in ADTKD

Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation Compared with Chemotherapy for Poor-Risk Hodgkin Lymphoma

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Care pathways models and clinical outcomes in disorders of consciousness

Objective: Patients with Disorders of consciousness, are persons with extremely low functioning levels and represent a challenge for health care systems due to their high needs of facilitating environmental factors. Despite a common Italian health care path-way for these patients, no studies have analyzed information on how each region have implemented it in its welfare system correlating data with patients’ clinical outcomes. Materials and Methods: A multicenter observational pilot study was realized. Clinicians collected data on the care pathways of patients with Disorder of consciousness by ask-ing 90 patients’ caregivers to complete an ad hoc questionnaire through a structured phone interview. Questionnaire consisted of three sections: sociodemographic data, description of the care pathway done by the patient, and caregiver evaluation of health services and information received.Results: Seventy- three patients were analyzed. Length of hospital stay was different across the health care models and it was associated with improvement in clinical diag-nosis. In long- term care units, the diagnosis at admission and the number of caregivers available for each patient (median value=3) showed an indirect relationship with worsening probability in clinical outcome. Caregivers reported that communication with professionals (42%) and the answer to the need of information were the most critical points in the acute phase, whereas presence of Non- Governmental Organizations (25%) and availability of psychologists for caregivers (21%) were often missing during long-term care. The 65% of caregivers reported they did not know the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Conclusion: This study highlights relevant differences in analyzed models, despite a recommended national pathway of care. Future public health considerations and ac-tions are needed to guarantee equity and standardization of the care process in all European countries